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1.
Acta odontol. latinoam ; 31(2): 110-116, 2018. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-970843

ABSTRACT

The in vivo response of osteocytes to different force magnitudes soon after they are applied remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine the early effects of applying a very light (LF: 0,16 N) and a very strong (SF: 2,26 N) orthodontic force during one hour on apoptosis and osteopontin (OPN) expression on alveolar bone osteocytes, in rats. Results: LF: compared to the control group, they showed a significant increase in OPN expression, and a significant decrease in the number of TUNELpositive osteocytes. SF: compared to the control group, they showed a significant increase in OPN expression and a significant decrease in the number of TUNELpositive osteocytes. Our results show that osteocytes respond very early to the application of tension and pressure forces of different magnitudes, and application of forces decreases the number of apoptotic osteocytes and increases OPN expression. These results allow concluding that osteocytes activate rapidly when subjected to locally applied forces, whether these forces be pressure or tension, light or strong forces. Grants: UBACyT 200201301002270 BA and School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires (AU)


Hasta el momento no se ha dilucidado la respuesta temprana in vivo de los osteocitos a la aplicación de fuerzas de diferentes magnitudes sobre el hueso. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la respuesta temprana de la aplicación de una fuerza ortodóncica muy liviana (FL: 0,16 N) y muy fuerte (FF: 2,26 N) durante una hora sobre la expresión de apoptosis y osteopontina (OPN) en los osteocitos del hueso alveolar, en ratas. Resultados: FL: en comparación con el grupo control, mostraron un aumento significativo en la expresión de OPN y una disminución significativa en el número de osteocitos TUNELpositivos. FF: en comparación con el grupo control, mostraron un aumento significativo en la expresión de OPN y una disminución signi ficativa en el número de osteocitos TUNELpositivos. Nuestros resultados muestran que los osteocitos responden muy temprano a la aplicación de fuerzas de tensión y presión de diferentes magnitudes, y la aplicación de fuerzas disminuye el número de osteocitos apoptóticos y aumenta la expresión de OPN. Estos resultados permiten concluir que los osteocitos se activan rápidamente cuando se los somete a fuerzas aplicadas localmente, ya sean estas fuerzas de presión o tensión, livianas o fuertes (AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Osteocytes , Stress, Mechanical , Tooth Movement Techniques , Apoptosis , Osteopontin , Immunohistochemistry , Data Interpretation, Statistical , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Mechanotransduction, Cellular , Alveolar Process
2.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 63(2): 173-179, Feb. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-842532

ABSTRACT

Summary Autophagy is a survival pathway wherein non-functional proteins and organelles are degraded in lysosomes for recycling and energy production. Therefore, autophagy is fundamental for the maintenance of cell viability, acting as a quality control process that prevents the accumulation of unnecessary structures and oxidative stress. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy dysfunction is related to several pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Moreover, recent studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. For instance, in vitro and animal and human studies indicate that autophagy dysfunction in bone cells is associated with the onset of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. This review had the purpose of discussing the issue to confirm whether a relationship between autophagy dysfunction and osteoporosis exits.


Resumo A autofagia é uma via de sobrevivência celular pela qual proteínas e organelas não funcionais são degradadas nos lisossomos, para reciclagem e geração de energia. Assim, a autofagia é fundamental para a manutenção da homeostase e viabilidade da célula, agindo como um controle de qualidade que evita o acúmulo de estruturas desnecessárias e o estresse oxidativo. Um número crescente de estudos tem demonstrado que disfunções na via autofágica estão relacionadas ao surgimento de diversas doenças, como as neurodegenerativas e o câncer. Estudos também têm indicado que a autofagia exerce um importante papel para a manutenção da homeostase óssea; por exemplo, estudos in vitro e em animais e humanos mostram que disfunções da autofagia nas células ósseas estão associadas ao surgimento de doenças ósseas, como a osteoporose. Nesta revisão, foram abordados esses estudos, a fim de melhor esclarecer se há uma relação entre disfunção autofágica e osteoporose.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Rats , Osteoporosis/etiology , Osteoporosis/physiopathology , Autophagy/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Osteoblasts/pathology , Osteoclasts/pathology , Osteocytes/pathology , In Vitro Techniques , Homeostasis
3.
Actual. osteol ; 12(1): 11-20, 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, UNISALUD, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1379682

ABSTRACT

Bisphosphonates (BPs) anti-fracture efficacy may be due in part to inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis. This effect requires opening of connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels and phosphorylation of the extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs). However, unlike ERK activation by other stimuli, the Cx43/ERK pathway activated by BPs does not result in nuclear ERK accumulation. Instead, the anti-apoptotic effect of BPs depends on phosphorylation of cytoplasmic ERK targets and is abolished by forced nuclear retention of ERKs. We now report that ERKs and the scaffolding protein ß-arrestin co-immuno-precipitate with Cx43 in MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells and that the BP alendronate increases this association. Moreover, ERK2 fused to red fluorescent protein (ERK2-RFP) co-localizes with Cx43 fused to green fluorescent protein outside the nucleus in cells untreated or treated with alendronate. Alendronate does not induce ERK nuclear accumulation in cells transfected with wild type ß-arrestin (wtARR) or vector control, whereas it does in cells expressing a dominant negative ß-arrestin mutant (dnARR) consisting of the ß-arrestin-clathrin binding domain that competes with endogenous ß-arrestin for binding to clathrin. Alendronate activates ERKs in dnARRtransfected cells as effectively as in cells transfected with wtARR, demonstrating that dnARR only interferes with subcellular localization but not with activation of ERKs by BPs. Further, whereas alendronate inhibits apoptosis in cells expressing wtARR or vector control, it is ineffective in cells expressing dnARR. Thus, BPs induce the formation of a complex comprising Cx43, ß-arrestin, and clathrin, which directs ERKs outside the nucleus and is indispensable for osteocyte survival induced by BPs. (AU)


La efectividad de los bisfosfonatos (BPs) en la prevención de fracturas puede deberse en parte a la inhibición de la apoptosis de osteocitos. Este efecto depende de la apertura de hemicanales de conexina (Cx) 43 y la fosforilación de quinasas reguladas por señales extracelulares (ERKs). Sin embargo, a diferencia de la activación de ERKs debida a otros estímulos, la vía de señalización Cx43/ERK activada por BPs no conlleva la acumulación de ERKs en el núcleo. El efecto anti-apoptótico de los BPs depende de la fosforilación de blancos citoplasmáticos de ERKs y es inhibido cuando las quinasas son retenidas en el núcleo. En este estudio hemos demostrado que ERKs y la proteína "scaffolding" ß-arrestina co-inmunoprecipitan con Cx43 en células osteocíticas MLO-Y4 y que alendronato aumenta esta asociación. Más aún, ERK2 fusionada a la proteína roja fluorescente (ERK2-RFP) co-localiza con Cx43 fusionada con la proteína verde fluorescente fuera del núcleo en células tratadas con vehículo o alendronato. Alendronato no indujo la acumulación nuclear de ERK en células transfectadas con ß-arrestina nativa (wtARR) o con un vector control, pero si lo hizo en células que expresan una forma dominante negativa de ß-arrestina (dnARR), consistente en el dominio de interacción entre ß-arrestina y clatrina, y que compite con ß-arrestina endógena por la unión a clatrina. Alendronato activa ERKs con la misma eficiencia en células transfectadas con dnARR o wtARR, demostrando que dnARR sólo interfiere con la localización subcelular de ERKs, pero no con su activación inducida por los BPs. Más aún, mientras alendronato inhibe apoptosis en células que expresan wtARR o vector control, es inefectivo en células que expresan dnARR. En conclusión, los BPs inducen la formación de un complejo que incluye Cx43, ß-arrestina y clatrina, el cual retiene ERKs fuera del núcleo y es indispensable para la sobrevida de los osteocitos inducida por estas drogas. (AU)


Subject(s)
Osteocytes/cytology , Cell Nucleus/enzymology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Connexin 43/metabolism , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Diphosphonates/pharmacology , beta-Arrestins/metabolism , Osteocytes/drug effects , Osteocytes/metabolism , Bone and Bones/cytology , Cell Survival/drug effects
4.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 48(4): 216-224, oct. 2011. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-642010

ABSTRACT

La mineralizacin ortotpica comienza con la produccin de las vesculas de matriz, por brotacin polarizada de la superficie de condrocitos, osteoblastos y odontoblastos. Esta transcurre en dos etapas. La primera es la formacin de cristales de hidroxiapatita dentro de las vesculas de matriz, seguido por la propagacin de la hidroxiapatita a travs de la membrana de la vescula dentro de la matriz extracelular. En la regulacin de la mineralizacin ortotpica, aparte de las clulas tejido especficas, intervienen un gran nmero de enzimas, factores inorgnicos y peptdicos, que tienen complejas interacciones. Para que la mineralizacin normal contine se necesita un ajustado balance entre los niveles de fosfato inorgnico (Pi) y de pirofosfato inorgnico (PPi) extracelular. El PPi antagoniza la habilidad del Pi para cristalizar con el calcio y formar hidroxiapatita y por lo tanto suprime su propagacin. Se han identificado tres molculas reguladoras centrales de los niveles extracelulares de PPi: la fosfatasa alcalina tejido-no especfica (TNAP), que hidroliza el PPi, la nucletido pirofosfato fosfodiesterasa 1 (NPP1), que genera PPi de nuclesidos trifosfato y la protena transmembrana de mltiples-pasos ANK, que media la transferencia intracelular al extracelular de PPi. A su vez existen dos protenas SIBLING llamadas DMP1 y MEPE reguladoras de la mineralizacin. La expresin de DMP1 por el osteocito se induce en forma marcada en respuesta a la carga mecnica incrementando la mineralizacin sea. La protena MEPE contiene un motivo peptdico proteasa resistente llamado ASARM, que se cree es un candidato a ser un inhibidor de la mineralizacin (minhibina). La osteropontina es otro inhibidor de la mineralizacin en su forma fosforilada y su secrecin est marcadamente reducida en los ratones "knockout" para NPP1. Los datos actuales parecen sostener la hiptesis que estas molculas podran ser las transductoras del "strain" seo y participar en la regulacin de la mineralizacin del espacio osteoctico perilacunar.


Orthotopic mineralization begins with the production of matrix vesicles that are produced by polarized budding of the surface of condrocytes, osteoblasts and odontoblasts. It occurs in two steps: The first one is the formation of hydroxiapatite crystals within the matrix vesicles, followed by the propagation of the hydroxiapatite crystals through the membrane vesicle into the extra cellular matrix. In the regulation of orthotopic mineralization, apart from tissue-specific cells, a great number of enzymes, inorganic and peptide factors participate, that have complex interactions among them. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) antagonizes the ability of phosphate (Pi) to crystallize with calcium and to form hydroxiapatite, thus suppressing its propagation. For the normal mineralization to continue, an adjusted balance of the extra cellular Pi and PPi levels is needed. Three molecules have been identified that have a central role in the regulation of extra cellular PPi levels: tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), which hydrolyzes PPi, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1), which generates PPi from triphosphate nucleosides, and the multiple-steps transmembrane protein ANK which transfers PPi from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. There are, in turn, two SIBLING proteins called DMP1 and MEPE that regulate mineralization. The expression of DMP1 by the osteocyte is dramatically induced in response to mechanical loading increasing bone mineralization. MEPE protein contains a protease resistant motif called ASARM, which is believed to be the candidate for the mineralization inhibitor (minhibin). Osteopontin is another mineralization inhibitor in its phosphorilated form and its secretion is markedly reduced in knockout mice for NPP1. Present data seem to support the hypothesis that these molecules could be the translators of bone strain and participate in the regulation of mineralization of the perilacunar osteocytic space.

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